Herdabilidade de características de produção e postura em matrizes de codornas de corte / Heritability of production and laying traits in meat-type quails

Objetivou-se no presente trabalho determinar herdabilidades de características de desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de diferentes grupos genéticos de matrizes de codornas de corte, estimando os parâmetros genéticos por meio de análises univariadas. Foram avaliados dois grupos genéticos (UFV1 e UFV2), no período de 2006 a 2009, sendo acompanhadas cinco gerações, totalizando 2136 matrizes. As codornas foram pesadas ao nascimento, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 77, 112 e 147 dias de idade. Foram avaliados ovos de cada codorna, coletados por três dias consecutivos, durante quatro períodos de 35 dias e medidos a largura e comprimento dos ovos, pesos de gema, casca e albúmen. Também foi avaliada a gravidade específica dos ovos e mensuradas a taxa de postura total e a idade ao primeiro ovo. Foram realizadas análises univariadas para estimação dos componentes de variância, utilizando-se o método da máxima verossimilhança restrita, por meio do programa MTDFREML e calculadas as hedabilidades. Para as características de qualidade dos ovos, as herdabilidades apresentaram valores de moderados a altos (0,13 à 0,55), valores elevados para crescimento (0,64 à 0,68) e moderados a alto para forma do ovo (0,10 à 0,57). As estimativas de herdabilidades encontradas para qualidade dos ovos indicam uma alta variabilidade genética para ambos os grupos genéticos. Já para os pesos, indicaram que a seleção dentro da população poderia resultar em aumentos dos pesos por meio da seleção baseada na informação individual. Para as características de forma de ovo, os valores de herdabilidade sugerem a possibilidade de grupos genéticos que atendam a um padrão de forma.

The objective of this study to determine the heritability of characteristics of productive and reproductive performance of different genetic groups of arrays of meat quails, estimating genetic parameters using univariate analyzes. We evaluated two genetic groups (UFV1 and UFV2) in the period 2006 to 2009, being accompanied by five generations, totaling 2136 arrays. Quail were weighed at birth, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 77, 112 and 147 days of age. We evaluated each quail eggs were collected for three consecutive days, during four periods of 35 days and measured the width and length of eggs, yolk weight, albumen and shell. We evaluated the specific gravity of eggs and measured the rate of overall posture and age at first egg. Univariate analyzes were performed to estimate the variance components, using the method of restricted maximum likelihood using the program and calculated the MTDFREML hedabilidades. For the quality of eggs heritability values were moderate to high (0.13 to 0.55), high values for growth (0.64 to 0.68) and moderate to high for egg shape (0.10 to 0.57). Heritability estimates for egg quality found indicate a high genetic variability for both genetic groups. As for the weights indicated that selection within the population could result in increases in weight by selection based on individual information. For the characteristics of an egg shape, the heritability values suggest the possibility of genetic groups that meet a standard shape.

Características quantitativas em matrizes de codorna de corte através de análises multicaracterística / Quantitative traits in meat-type quail through two-trait analysis

Objetivou-se no presente trabalho avaliar o desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo de diferentes linhagens de codornas de corte, estimando os parâmetros genéticos das características mensuradas. Avaliaram-se dois grupos genéticos UFV2 e UFV1 de matrizes de codorna de corte, sendo o primeiro com 1110 animais e o segundo com 1026. Foram realizadas análises multivariadas, utilizando a metodologia de componentes principais, para definir as variáveis de maior importância. Em seguida, foram feitas análises bicaracterísticas para estimação das covariâncias e correlações genéticas, das características selecionadas. As características utilizadas na análise foram: peso da ave (P0, P7, P14, P21, P28, P35, P42, P77, P112 e P147), peso médio do ovo (POM1, POM2, POM3 e POM4), peso médio da casca (PCM1, PCM2, PCM3 e PCM4), peso médio da gema (PGM1, PGM2, PGM3 e PGM4), peso médio do albúmen (PAM1, PAM2, PAM3 e PAM4), gravidade específica média do ovo (DM1, DM2, DM3 e DM4), largura média do ovo (LOM1, LOM2, LOM3 e LOM4), comprimento médio do ovo (COM1, COM2, COM3 e COM4), número de ovos (N1, N2, N3 e N4), taxa de postura total (TXT) e idade ao primeiro ovo (IDPO). Para o grupo genético UFV1, um aumento do peso das codornas pode resultar em uma precocidade à IDPO e a seleção feita para aumento do peso corporal das codornas não resulta em perdas significativas na qualidade dos ovos. Já para UFV2, uma seleção feita aos 35 dias pode identificar as matrizes de maior peso ao longo do ciclo de produção, além de não gerar grandes perdas na taxa de postura total.

The aim of this paper to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of different strains of meat-type quail hens, estimating the genetic parameters measured. Two groups were evaluated genetic and UFV2 UFV1 matrix quail cutting, with 1110 being the first animal and second with 1026. Multivariate analysis were conducted using the methodology of principal components to define the most important variables. Then, two-trait analysis to estimate covariances and genetic correlations of traits. The characteristics of the analysis were: weight of the bird (P0, P7, P14, P21, P28, P35, P42, P77, P112 and P147), average egg weight (POM1, POM2, and POM3 POM4), average weight of the shell ( PCM1, pcm2, and PCM3 PCM4), average weight of yolk (PGM1, PGM2, and PGM3 PGM4), weight of albumen (PAM1, PAM2, and PAM3 PAM4), average egg specific gravity (DM1, DM2, DM3 and DM4 ), average width of the egg (LOM1, LOM2, and LOM3 LOM4), average length of egg (COM1, COM2, COM3 and COM4), eggs (N1, N2, N3 and N4), total egg production (TXT) and age at first egg (IDPO). For the group of genetic UFV1, an increase in weight of birds may result in an early and that IDPO to select for increased body weight of birds does not result in significant losses in egg quality. As for UFV2, a selection made at 35 days can identify the most weight matrices throughout the production cycle, and do not generate large losses in total egg production.

Modelos de regressão aleatória para avaliação da curva de crescimento em matrizes de codorna de corte / Random regression models for growth evaluation of meat-type quail hens

Objetivou-se comparar diferentes modelos de regressão aleatória por meio de funções polinomiais de Legendre de diferentes ordens, para avaliar o que melhor se ajusta ao estudo genético da curva de crescimento de codornas de corte. Foram avaliados dados de 2136 matrizes de codorna de corte, dos quais 1026 pertenciam ao grupo genético UFV1 e 1110 ao grupo UFV2. As codornas foram pesadas nos 1°, 7°, 14°, 21°, 28°, 35°, 42°, 77°, 112° e 147° dias de idade e seus pesos utilizados para a análise. Foram testadas duas possíveis modelagens de variância residual heterogênea, sendo agrupadas em 3 e 5 classes de idade. Após, foi realizado o estudo do modelo de regressão aleatória que melhor aplica-se à curva de crescimento das codornas. A comparação entre os modelos foi feita pelo Critério de Informação de Akaike (AIC), Critério de Informação Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC), Logaritmo da função de verossimilhança (Log e L) e teste da razão de verossimilhança (LRT), ao nível de 1%. O modelo que considerou a heterogeneidade de variância residual CL3 mostrou-se adequado à linhagem UFV1, e o modelo CL5 à linhagem UFV2. Uma função polinomial de Legendre com ordem 5, para efeito genético aditivo direto e 5 para efeito permanente de animal, para a linhagem UFV1 e, com ordem 3, para efeito genético aditivo direto e 5 para efeito permanente de animal para a linhagem UFV2, deve ser utilizada na avaliação genética da curva de crescimento das codornas de corte.

The objective was to compare different random regression models using Legendre polynomial functions of different orders, to evaluate what best fits the genetic study of the growth curve of meat quails. It was evaluated data from 2136 cut dies quail, of which 1026 belonged to genetic group UFV1 and 1110 the group UFV2. Quail were weighed at 10, 70, 140, 210, 280, 350, 420, 770, 1120 and 1470 days of age, and weights used for the analysis. It was tested two possible modeling of heterogeneous residual variance, which was grouped into three five age classes. After, it was studied the random regression mode, which is better applied to the growth curve quail. The comparison between models was made by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), Bayesian Information Criterion of Schwarz (BIC), logarithm of the likelihood function (Loge L) and the likelihood ratio test (LRT), at 1%. The model which considered the heterogeneity of residual variance CL3 was adequate to UFV1 lineage and the lineage model CL5 UFV2. A Legendre polynomial with order 5, for direct genetic effect and 5 for the permanent animal to UFV1 bloodline and order 3 for direct genetic effect and 5 for the permanent animal for UFV2 bloodline should be used in genetic evaluation of the growth curve of meat quails.

Estimação dos componentes de variância para as características de produção e de qualidade de ovos em matrizes de codorna de corte / Estimative of the variances components for eggs production and quality characteristics in meat-type quail

Dados de dois grupos genéticos UFV1 e UFV2 de matrizes de codorna de corte, com 629 animais no primeiro arquivo e 707 no segundo, foram avaliados pela técnica de componentes principais. Foram consideradas as seguintes características para análise: peso da ave (P1, P2, P3 e P4), peso médio do ovo (POM1, POM2, POM3 e POM4), peso médio da casca (PCM1, PCM2, PCM3 e PCM4), peso médio da gema (PGM1, PGM2, PGM3 e PGM4), gravidade específica média do ovo (DM1, DM2, DM3 e DM4), largura média do ovo (LOM1, LOM2, LOM3 e LOM4), comprimento médio do ovo (COM1, COM2, COM3 e COM4), número de ovos (N1, N2, N3 e N4), idade ao primeiro ovo (IDPO) e taxa de postura total (TXT). Após a coleta dos dados, foi realizada uma análise de componentes principais, buscando, com isso, selecionar as características mais explicativas. Logo as características de maior importância na variância total tiveram seus parâmetros genéticos e correlações genéticas estimados. Para o grupo genético UFV1, foram: P1, PCM1, PCM3, PGM1, PGM2, PGM4, DM4, LOM2, LOM3, COM1 e IDPO, já para UFV2: P1, P2, PCM1, PCM4, DM3, LOM2 e LOM4. As altas estimativas de herdabilidade encontradas indicam uma grande variabilidade para as características de qualidade dos ovos. As correlações genéticas mostram a possibilidade de ganhos correlacionados entre peso corporal e as características de qualidade dos ovos. Pequena resposta à seleção para produção de ovos pode ser esperada para estes grupos genéticos.

Data from two genetic groups UFV1 and UFV2 of meat-type quail, with 629 animals the first file and 707 the second, were evaluated by technique main components. The following characteristics were considered for analyses: bird weight (P1, P2, P3 and P4), egg average weight (POM1, POM2, POM3 and POM4), shell average weight (PCM1, PCM2, PCM3 and PCM4), yolk average weight (PGM1, PGM2, PGM3 and PGM4), egg average specific gravity (DM1, DM2, DM3 and DM4), egg average width (LOM1, LOM2, LOM3 and LOM4), egg average length (COM1, COM2, COM3 and COM4), number of eggs (N1, N2, N3 and N4), and age at the first egg (IDPO). After data collecting were carried analyses of the main components out with the aim to select the most explanatory characteristics. Next the highest significant characteristics in total variance had their genetic parameters and genetic correlations estimated. For genetic group UFV1 were: P1, PCM1, PCM3, PGM1, PGM2, PGM4, DM4, LOM2, LOM3, COM1 and IDPO. For UFV2: P1, P2, PCM1, PCM4, DM3, LOM2 and LOM4. The high estimates of heritability capacity found indicate a high variability for the characteristics of egg quality. The genetic correlations indicate the possibility of correlation between body weight gains and the quality of eggs. Little response to selection for egg production can be expected for these genetic groups.

Desempenho fenotípico ao utilizar diferentes densidades de marcadores moleculares no mapeamento genômico / Phenotypic performance using different molecular markers density in genomic mapping

Objetivou-se avaliar, através do programa de simulação genética GENESYS, a densidade de marcadores moleculares (MM) no mapeamento de QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci). Foram considerados mapeamentos de alta, média e baixa resolução, em que os marcadores foram dispostos regulamente a cada 5 cM (192 MM), 10 cM (95 MM) e 20 cM (47 MM), respectivamente. Para cada intervalo, o mesmo número de marcadores utilizados foi reconsiderado, contudo, admitindo espaçamento aleatório. Os mapas foram comparados aos pares, com o mesmo número de marcadores distribuídos em intervalos regulares e de forma aleatória. A seleção assistida por marcadores foi utilizada para avaliar o desempenho fenotípico em cada cenário. Em todos os casos, os mapas que admitiram marcadores dispersosem intervalos fixos foram superiores em relação aos ganhos fenotípicos, em especial para o mapeamento de baixaresolução. Infere-se que a disposição estratégica de marcadores moleculares no mapeamento genômico é tanto maisrelevante quanto menor for o número de marcadores considerados na análise.

The objective of this study was to evaluate, through the program of genetic simulation GENESYS, the density of molecular markers (MM) in the mapping of QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci). High, medium and low resolution mapping were considered, in which markers were arranged regularly every 5 cM (192 MM), 10 cM (95 MM) and 20 cM (47 MM), respectively. For each gap, the same number of markers used was reconsidered, however, assuming random spacing. The maps were compared in pairs, with the same number of markers distributed at regularintervals and at random. The selection assisted by markers was used to assess the phenotypic performance in eachscenario. In all cases, the maps which admitted sparse markers at fixed intervals were superior in relation to phenotypic gains, especially for the mapping of low resolution. We conclude that the strategic distribution of molecular markers in genomic mapping is more relevant as the lower is the number of markers considered in the analysis.

Genetic evaluation for persistency of lactation in Holstein cows using a random regression model

A model for analyzing test day records including both fixed and random coefficients was applied to the genetic evaluation of first lactation data for Holstein cows. Data comprising 87045 test-day milk yield records from calving between 1997 and 2001 from Holstein herds in 10 regions of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Six persistency of lactation measures were evaluated using breeding values obtained by random regression analyses. The Wilmink function was used to model the additive genetic and permanent environmental effects. Residual variance was constant throughout lactation. Ranking for animals did not change among criteria for persistency measurements, but ranking changes were observed when the estimated breeding value (EBV) for persistency of lactation was contrasted with those estimated for 305-day milk yield (305MY). The rank correlation estimates for persistency of lactation and 305MY were practically the same for sire and cows, and ranged from -0.45 to 0.69. The EBVs for milk yield during lactation for sires producing daughters with superior 305MY indicate genetic differences between sires regarding their ability to transmit desirable persistency of lactation traits. This suggests that selection for total lactation milk yield does not identify sires or cows that are genetically superior in regard to persistency of lactation. Genetic evaluation for persistency of lactation is important for improving the efficiency of the milk production capacity of Holstein cows.

Estimation of genetic parameters for test-day milk yield in Holstein cows using a random regression model

Test-day milk yield records of 11,023 first-parity Holstein cows were used to estimate genetic parameters for milk yield during different lactation periods. (Co)variance components were estimated using two random regression models, RRM1 and RRM2, and the restricted maximum likelihood method, compared by the likelihood ratio test. Additive genetic variances determined by RRM1 and additive genetic and permanent environmental variances estimated by RRM2 were described, using the Wilmink function. Residual variance was constant throughout lactation for the two models. The heritability estimates obtained by RRM1 (0.34 to 0.56) were higher than those obtained by RRM2 (0.15 to 0.31). Due to the high heritability estimates for milk yield throughout lactation and the negative genetic correlation between test-day yields during different lactation periods, the RRM1 model did not fit the data. Overall, genetic correlations between individual test days tended to decrease at the extremes of the lactation trajectory, showing values close to unity for adjacent test days. The inclusion of random regression coefficients to describe permanent environmental effects led to a more precise estimation of genetic and non-genetic effects that influence milk yield.

Genetic trends in the performance and reproductive traits of pigs

The selection and evaluation of breeds and purebred lines to be used as the parental stock is an important step for the success of any animal breeding program. In this study, the feed:gain ratio, backfat thickness corrected for 100 kg, age to 100 kg, average daily gain, and age of sow at first farrowing were used to evaluate the genetic trends for direct and maternal additive genetic values in Large White pigs. The total number of piglets born or born alive and the litter weight at birth were used as indicators of the genetic trends for the direct additive values. The genetic trends were calculated by regression of the average predicted genetic values per year for each trait versus the offspring's year of birth (for performance traits) or versus the dam year of birth (for reproduction traits). The genetic trend estimates for direct effects showed that selection decisions made during the breeding program effectively improved the performance traits. However, for reproductive traits, the regression estimates showed no definite trend. The genetic trends for the maternal effects were generally positive but of low magnitude.

Maternal effects on the genetic evaluation of Tabapuã beef cattle

The aim of this investigation was to study the influence of maternal effects on the genetic evaluation of sire production in Tabapuã beef cattle. Single and multiple trait analyses were done with adjusted animal weights at 120, 240 and 420 days of age. Antagonism was observed between additive direct and maternal genetic effects, with the maternal effect being higher until weaning. The inclusion of maternal effects in the models removed part of the additive variance only in single trait analyses and resulted in smaller means and standard deviations for the sire breeding values. The use of maternal effect associated with single or multiple traits may affect sire ranking. The contradictory results of the single and multiple trait analyses for additive direct and maternal effects indicate that caution is needed when considering recommendations about the importance of maternal effects in Tabapuã beef cattle.